Difference between revisions of "Moldy leather - Mouldy leather"

Latest revision as of 17:45, 14 October 2022

Mould on leather

Leather can get mouldy or develop an unpleasant odour, mainly due to incorrect storage.

Ideally, leather should be stored at room temperature and a humidity of 40-60%. Adequate air circulation is also very important. Constant humidity of more than 70%, a high ambient temperature and lack of air circulation will contribute to growth of fungi and bacteria.

Also, the pH value plays an important role in creating an optimal environment for the growth of mould. Leather has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.5, putting it in the acidic range.

The viability of moulds as a function of pH is shown in the table below:

Fungal species	Minimum	Optimum	Maximum
Alternaria	2.7	5.4	8.0
Aspergillus niger	1.5	7.2	9.8
Aspergillus flavus	2.5	7.5	10.5
Cladosporium herbarum	3.1		7.7
Fusarium	2.0		9.0
Penicillium	2.0		10.0
Rhizopus stolonifer	2.5		6.8

The optimum pH value varies depending on the fungal species. In principle, the pH of leather is good for the growth of mould. Changing the pH of the leather would prevent mould, but it would also damage the leather or allow it to age faster.

However, it is important to note that the pH value alone does not cause mould. Appropriate temperatures, suitable humidity and no ventilation create the environment for mould. It is therefore sufficient to take care of the other parameters, to prevent mould without altering the pH. Usually, even parking a car outdoors in various weather conditions without ventilation does not create mould. Mould therefore arises only in adverse situations. Unless the vehicle is moved, this is most frequent when stored in damp sheds or garages.

Mould in the manufacturing process of leather

Leather is not always produced from start to finish in one tannery. It is sometimes first tanned in one tannery and then processed to crust at another location. This can lead to longer storage and transporting times. A lot of leather is tanned in South America and then dyed and finished in Europe (mostly Italy).

Long periods of storage during transportation may lead to mould growth. To reduce this risk, leathers are treated with fungicides. The effectiveness is tested in climate chambers. When testing the leather for mould, it is stored at 30°C and 95-98% humidity. Then about 20 different mould spores are introduced into the chamber. Untreated leather suffers significantly after one week. Mould tests are stringent and require the leather to remain without infestation for at least 4 weeks.

Removing mould from leather

Whether mould can be eliminated just by cleaning it, or whether the cushioning material needs to be replaced, depends on the duration of the exposure of leather to unfavourable environmental conditions. Visible mould can usually still be removed, but the mouldy smell is the main problem.

Mould that emerges after a few months is usually removed by diligent cleaning. Cases in which the mould has been spreading over several years (inappropriately stored classic cars, can rarely be just cleaned. The reason is the inner core of the upholstery. In such cases, the entire interior (foams, fabrics, cotton, etc.) has been infected by germs and mould. Such heavy infestation can be recognised, because the unpleasant smell will linger despite thoroughly cleaning the surface.

This Porsche convertible was parked in an underground car park after an open drive in the rain. The mould was on all leather surfaces.

No camouflage interior, but a Porsche after a container transport.

A mould-infested classic car seat. - A steering wheel with strong mildew.

Beetle Convertible. - Porsche in Lisbon, Portugal

Even after intensive cleaning, the mould spores are blown out with an unpleasant odour with every sitting on the upholstery. Trying to superimpose the bad mould smell with other odours won’t solve the problem, as this will only give it a mixture of the perfume used and the mildew smell. Such severe cases can only be solved by completely replacing the upholstery and the leather. Another argument for new upholstery is also the health aspect. Inhaling the mould spores can affect the health of children and people with weak immune systems.

Anti-mould agents were tested. Isopropyl alcohol and vinegar essence worked very well. Isopropyl alcohol cannot be used for leather as most leather surfaces are coloured, and these colour layers would get partially dissolved by isopropyl alcohol. Even with careful application it is not advisable. Vinegar essence (pH value about 2.0) kills the mould, but it also has a pleasant pH for future mould growth. As described above, this should not be a worry as long as the leather is not stored under mildew-friendly environments. Leather is always in the pH range where mould feels comfortable, but that does not automatically lead to mould growth.

Mouldy leather handbags from container shipping. - Furniture wrongly stored in a cellar.

Mouldy leather jacket and leather furniture -> All mouldy by container transport.

Mouldy motorcycle leather suits caused by incorrect storage in a damp basement.

Mouldy aniline leather furniture after keeping it in a cellar.

Black mould in leather

Black mould is much rarer in leather. More often it will occur in imitation leather on boats or in the headliner of a vehicle. The patches of black mould growing in the material can hardly be removed by cleaning. A pre-treatment with a blocker will be required prior to recolouring as such stains migrate to the top through a new colouration.

Black mould is in the material unlike white mould which stays on the top of the material. Cleaning will not be successful.

Mould treatment

When mould is white and hasn’t been on the leather for a long time, the chances of a successful cleaning are relatively good. In the case shown in the photographs, the car had been parked in a garage with no ventilation which resulted in an increase in the humidity levels. The time spent in bad storage was no more than 5 months. The mould had appeared on all soft surfaces, including the soft paint of the plastic parts. Cleaning it was hard work, but not complicated. The smell of mould was not strong and no longer perceptible after the cleaning process.

Thorough hard work and satisfaction for the owner.

How do I remove mold from leather?

The use of COLOURLOCK Blocker in cases of dye transfer on leather, colour migration, tyre marks, adhesive migration, black mould etc. in leather.

-> COLOURLOCK - THE TREATMENT OF MOLDY LEATHER

Fatty spue - Fat marks on leather

Caution! Not all whitish coating on the leather surface is mould. A well-known phenomenon that is visually very similar, to white mould is the fatty spew. This is whitish excess fat released by the leather. This appearance is often confused with mould. Prior to any treatment, therefore, this has to be accurately differentiated. Fatty spew can be removed by carefully heating the leather surface with a hairdryer (because the fat melts) - which is not the case with mould.

Fatty spew is not mould, even if it looks like it!

Other leather damages

Additional information

Further information on mold treatment

-> COLOURLOCK - THE TREATMENT OF MOLDY LEATHER

-> In German: www.lederzentrum.de

-> Rest of the world: partners worldwide

WE UNDERSTAND LEATHER - WWW.COLOURLOCK.COM

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Mould on leather==
-Some [[leather]] get mouldy or take on an unpleasant [[Leather smell|odour]]. Most often the cause of mould is incorrect [[Storage of leather|storage of the leather]].
+[[Leather]] can get mouldy or develop an unpleasant [[Leather smell|odour]], mainly due to incorrect [[Storage of leather|storage]].
-Ideally, leather should be stored at room temperature and a humidity of 40-60%, taking care to ensure adequate air circulation. Constant humidity of more than 70%, high ambient temperature and lack of air circulation will contribute to the growth of fungi and bacteria immensely.
+Ideally, leather should be stored at room temperature and a humidity of 40-60%. Adequate air circulation is also very important. Constant humidity of more than 70%, a high ambient temperature and lack of air circulation will contribute to growth of fungi and bacteria.
 Also, the [[pH value]] plays an important role in creating an optimal environment for the growth of mould. Leather has a pH of about 4.5 to 5.5, putting it in the acidic range.
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
-The optimum [[pH value]] varies depending on the fungal species. In principle, the pH of leather is good for the apparition of mould. Changing the pH of the leather would prevent mould, but it would also damage the leather or allow it to age faster.
+The optimum [[pH value]] varies depending on the fungal species. In principle, the pH of leather is good for the growth of mould. Changing the pH of the leather would prevent mould, but it would also damage the leather or allow it to age faster.
-The pH alone does not cause mould. Appropriate temperatures, suitable humidity and no ventilation create the environment for mould. It is therefore sufficient to take care of the other parameters, to prevent mould without altering the pH. Usually, even parking a [[car leather|car]] outdoors in various weather conditions without ventilation does not create mould. Mould therefore arises only in adverse situations. Most extreme humidity or [[Storage of leather|improper storage]], unless the vehicle is moved, this is most frequent when stored in damp sheds or garages.
+However, it is important to note that the pH value alone does not cause mould. Appropriate temperatures, suitable humidity and no ventilation create the environment for mould. It is therefore sufficient to take care of the other parameters, to prevent mould without altering the pH. Usually, even parking a [[car leather|car]] outdoors in various weather conditions without ventilation does not create mould. Mould therefore arises only in adverse situations. Unless the vehicle is moved, this is most frequent when stored in damp sheds or garages.
 ==Mould in the [[Leather production|manufacturing process]] of leather==
-Leder wird nicht immer in einem Durchgang in der [[Gerberei]] bis zum Endprodukt herstellt. Leder wird manchmal erst nur [[Gerbung|gegerbt]], um dann als [[Crust]] woanders weiterverarbeitet zu werden. Das kann zu Lagerzeiten und längeren Transporten führen. Viel Leder wird so in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSQ_fwiPD0M&list=PLdGEmp0I4Baz_GnIfpGP8t0s-wlTRwOd9 Südamerika] gegerbt um dann in Europa (meist Italien) weiter [[Lederfarbe|gefärbt]] und [[Zurichtung|zugerichtet]] zu werden.
+Leather is not always [[leather production|produced]] from start to finish in one [[tannery]]. It is sometimes first tanned in one tannery and then processed to [[Crust leather|crust]] at another location. This can lead to longer storage and transporting times. A lot of leather is tanned in South America and then [[leather colour|dyed]] and [[finish|finished]] in Europe (mostly Italy).
-Wärend der Lagerzeit oder der Transportwege kann es zum Schimmelbefall kommen. Um dieses Risiko zu reduzieren, werden die Leder mit Fungiziden vorbehandelt. [[Lederqualität|Getestet]] wird die Resistenz in sogenannten Klimakammern. Beim Schimmeltest wird das Leder dann bei 30°C und 95-98% Luftfeuchtigkeit gelagert. Dazu kommen dann ca. 20 verschiedene Schimmelsporen mit in die Kammer. Unbehandelte Leder leiden schon nach einer Woche deutlich unter Schimmelbefall. Dabei wird mit einer Skala von 0 bis 100 gearbeitet. Es bezeichnet den Prozentsatz der Fläche, die sichtbar vom Schimmel befallen ist. Der Schimmeltest ist befallen, wenn das Leder ohne Befall mindestens 4 Wochen durchhält. Wobei ausreichend behandelte Leder 10 Wochen und länger ohne Schimmelbefall überstehen.
+Long periods of storage during transportation may lead to mould growth. To reduce this risk, leathers are treated with fungicides. The effectiveness is tested in climate chambers. When [[leather quality|testing the leather]] for mould, it is stored at 30°C and 95-98% humidity. Then about 20 different mould spores are introduced into the chamber. Untreated leather suffers significantly after one week. Mould tests are stringent and require the leather to remain without infestation for at least 4 weeks.
-==Schimmelbekämpfung bei Leder im Gebrauch==
+==Removing mould from leather==
-Ob Schimmelbefall noch mit Reinigungs- und [[Lederpflege|Pflegeprodukten]] allein beseitigt werden kann, oder ob ein Neubezug inklusive Austausch des Polstermaterials notwendig ist, lässt sich pauschal nicht beantworten und ist abhängig von der Dauer, der das Leder den ungünstigen Umgebungsverhältnissen ausgesetzt war. Der sichtbare Schimmel lässt sich meist noch entfernen. Aber der Schimmelgeuch ist das Hauptproblem.
+Whether mould can be eliminated just by [[leather cleaner|cleaning]] it, or whether the cushioning material needs to be replaced, depends on the duration of the exposure of leather to unfavourable environmental conditions. Visible mould can usually still be removed, but the mouldy smell is the main problem.
+Mould that emerges after a few months is usually removed by diligent cleaning. Cases in which the mould has been spreading over several years (inappropriately stored [[Vintage & Classic car leather|classic cars]], can rarely be just cleaned. The reason is the inner core of the upholstery. In such cases, the entire interior (foams, fabrics, cotton, etc.) has been infected by germs and mould. Such heavy infestation can be recognised, because the unpleasant smell will linger despite thoroughly cleaning the surface.
-Etwas Schimmel, der nach einigen Monaten auf [[Autoleder|Oldtimersitzen]] auftaucht, ist meist mit fleißigem Reinigungsaufwand entfernbar. Garnituren, bei denen sich der Schimmel über mehrere Jahre entfalten konnte, sind jedoch nur selten erhaltbar. Der Grund liegt nicht in der dann großflächigen sichtbaren Entstellung des Leders, sondern im Innenkern der Polsterung. In solchen Fällen ist dann meist das gesamte Innenleben (Schäume, Stoffe, Watten etc.) mit verschimmelt und verkeimt. Derart schweren Befall erkennt man daran, dass sich selbst nach gründlicher Reinigung der Oberfläche der Schimmelgeruch oder "Kellermuff" nicht reduziert.
@@ Line 93: / Line 94: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Dieses Porsche Cabrio wurde nach einer Regenfahrt geschlossen in eine Tiefgarage gestellt. Der Schimmel war auf allen Lederflächen (Bild der Firma Autopflege Bayern aus Starnberg).''<br></p>
+''This [[car leather#Porsche|Porsche]] convertible was parked in an underground car park after an open drive in the rain. The mould was on all leather surfaces.''<br></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p align=center>
+[[bild:Car-Porsche-mold-container-transport.jpg|500px]]
+</p>
+<p align=center>
+''No camouflage interior, but a [[car leather#Porsche|Porsche]] after a container transport.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ Line 101: / Line 109: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-'''''Bild 1:''' Ein mit Schimmel befallener [[Oldtimer|Oldtimersitz]]'' - '''''Bild 2:''' Ein [[Lederlenkrad|Lenkrad]] mit starkem Schimmelbefall"''<br></p>
+''A mould-infested [[Vintage & Classic car leather|classic car]] seat. - A [[Leather steering wheel|steering wheel]] with strong mildew.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ Line 109: / Line 117: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Käfer Cabrio -  Porsche in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4INmFBDnlg&list=PLE5B7268269888D5C Lissabon - Portugal]''<br></p>
+''[[Car leather#Volkswagen|Beetle]] Convertible. -  [[car leather#Porsche|Porsche]] in Lisbon, Portugal''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-Selbst nach einer intensiven Außenbearbeitung verursacht jede Belastung der Polster, wie das Daraufsetzen, die Wirkung eines Blasebalgs: Die Schimmelsporen werden samt unangenehmem Geruch in den Innenraum geblasen. Es ist dann auch keine Lösung, zu versuchen, den Geruch mit anderen Gerüchen zu überlagern. Man erhält dann nur eine Mischung aus dem verwendeten Parfüm und dem Schimmelgeruch. Die Nase ist dann noch irritierter. Derart schwere Fälle lassen sich nur lösen, indem Polsterkern und Leder durch einen Sattler komplett ausgetauscht werden. Der Polsterkern kann in diesem Fall auch nicht befriedigend gewaschen oder wiederverwertet werden, was finanziell ohnehin keinen Vorteil verspräche: Das Leder ist dann bereits abgezogen, und ein neuer Polsterkern treibt die Kosten kaum noch in die Höhe, sondern verbessert den Sitzkomfort sogar meist erheblich. Ein weiteres Argument für neue Aufpolsterung ist zudem der Gesundheitsaspekt: Durch das Einatmen der Schimmelsporen und die Einwirkung der von ihnen abgegebenen Gifte können insbesondere Kinder und Menschen mit schwachem Immunsystem erkranken.
+Even after intensive cleaning, the mould spores are blown out with an unpleasant odour with every sitting on the upholstery. Trying to superimpose the bad mould smell with other odours won’t solve the problem, as this will only give it a mixture of the perfume used and the mildew smell. Such severe cases can only be solved by completely replacing the upholstery and the leather. Another argument for new upholstery is also the health aspect. Inhaling the mould spores can affect the health of children and people with weak immune systems.
-Bei Tests wurden Anti-Schimmel-Mittel geprüft. Dabei schnitten z. B. Isopropylalkohol und Essig-Essenz sehr gut ab. Isopropylalkohol kommt für Leder aber nicht in Frage. Die meisten Leder sind [[Zurichtung|oberflächengefärbt]], und diese Farbschichten werden durch Isopropylalkohol angelöst. Auch bei vorsichtiger Anwendung ist davon abzuraten. Essig-Essenz (pH-Wert ca. 2,0) tötet den Schimmel auch, hat aber einen angenehmen pH-Wert für Schimmel. Wie oben beschrieben, braucht man da aber keine Sorge zu haben. Bei ansonsten „normaler“ Verwendung oder Lagerung von Leder kommt es trotz schimmelfreundlichen pH-Werts nicht zu einer gesteigerten Empfindlichkeit. Leder ist immer im pH-Bereich, wo Schimmel sich wohl fühlt. Aber das führt nicht automatisch zur Schimmelbildung, wenn nicht weitere, fördernde Konstellationen die Basis für Schimmel schaffen.
+Anti-mould agents were tested. Isopropyl alcohol and vinegar essence worked very well. Isopropyl alcohol cannot be used for leather as most leather surfaces are coloured, and these colour layers would get partially dissolved by isopropyl alcohol. Even with careful application it is not advisable. Vinegar essence ([[pH value]] about 2.0) kills the mould, but it also has a pleasant pH for future mould growth. As described above, this should not be a worry as long as the leather is not stored under mildew-friendly environments. Leather is always in the pH range where mould feels comfortable, but that does not automatically lead to mould growth.
@@ Line 122: / Line 130: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Verschimmelte [[Lederhandtaschen|Tasche]] aus Containerlieferung - [[Möbelleder|Möbel]] im Keller gelagert''''<br></p>
+''Mouldy [[leather handbags]] from container shipping. - [[Furniture leather|Furniture]] wrongly stored in a cellar.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ Line 130: / Line 138: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Verschimmelte [[Lederbekleidung|Jacke]] und [[Möbelleder|Möbel]] -> Alle beim Containertransport verschimmelt.''<br></p>
+''Mouldy [[leather jacket]] and [[Furniture leather|leather furniture]] -> All mouldy by container transport.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ Line 138: / Line 146: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Verschimmelte [[Motorradkombis|Motorradkombi]] durch falsche Lagerung im feuchten Keller.''<br></p>
+''Mouldy [[Leather suits|motorcycle leather suits]] caused by incorrect storage in a damp basement.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ Line 146: / Line 154: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Verschimmelte [[Möbelleder|Möbel]] aus [[Anilinleder]] nach Kellerlagerung.''<br></p>
+''Mouldy [[aniline leather]] furniture after keeping it in a cellar.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-==Schwarzer Schimmel im Leder==
+==Black mould in leather==
-Schwarzer Schimmel ist viel seltener bei Leder. Häufiger sind solche Stockflecken eher bei [[Kunstleder]] auf [[Bootsleder|Booten]] oder beim Dachhimmel von [[Autoleder|Fahrzeugen]]. Die Flecken vom schwarzen Schimmel wachsen im Material und lassen sich durch eine Reinigung kaum entfernen. Selbst bei Versuchen, sie überzufärben, wandern sie oft durch die Farbe wieder zurück. Daher ist bei vielen Flecken der Neubezug die richtige Empfehlung und bei Färbungen eine Vorbehandlung mit einem Blocker notwendig.
+Black mould is much rarer in leather. More often it will occur in [[imitation leather]] on [[Marine & Boat leather|boats]] or in the headliner of a [[car leather|vehicle]]. The patches of black mould growing in the material can hardly be removed by [[leather cleaner|cleaning]]. A pre-treatment with a blocker will be required prior to [[Leather repair|recolouring]] as such stains migrate to the top through a new colouration.
@@ Line 164: / Line 172: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Schwarzer Schimmel sitzt im Material und nicht wie der weiße Schimmel auf dem Material. Eine [[Lederreiniger|Reinigung]] funktioniert dann nicht.''<br></p>
+''Black mould is in the material unlike white mould which stays on the top of the material. [[leather cleaner|Cleaning]] will not be successful.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-==Schimmelbehandlung==
+==Mould treatment==
-Bei weißem Schimmel und nicht zu langer Wartezeit, stehen die Chancen auf eine erfolgreiche Reinigung relativ gut. In diesem Fall wurde die Lüftung in einer Garage umgebaut, was zu einer Erhöhung der Luftfeuchtigkeit führte. Die Zeit bis zum Zustand auf den Fotos betrug maximal 5 Monate. Der Schimmel war auf allen weichen Oberflächen inkl. Gurte und Soft Lack der Kunststoffteile. Die Reinigung war eine Fleißarbeit, aber nicht kompliziert. Der Schimmelgeruch war trotz der Optik zu Beginn nicht stark und nach der Bearbeitung nicht mehr wahrnehmbar.
+When mould is white and hasn’t been on the leather for a long time, the chances of a successful cleaning are relatively good. In the case shown in the photographs, the car had been parked in a garage with no ventilation which resulted in an increase in the humidity levels. The time spent in bad storage was no more than 5 months. The mould had appeared on all soft surfaces, including the soft paint of the plastic parts. Cleaning it was hard work, but not complicated. The smell of mould was not strong and no longer perceptible after the cleaning process.
@@ Line 181: / Line 189: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''Gründliche Fleißarbeit von [http://www.glanzmobil.de/ www.GlanzMobil.de] und Glück für den Besitzer führte zu einer Rettung.''<br></p>
+''Thorough hard work and satisfaction for the owner.''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-[[bild:Lederzentrum-Logo2-2010-11.jpg|12px]] [http://www.lederzentrum.de/tip/auto/schimmel.html  -> Tipp vom Lederzentrum: Die Arbeitsschritte bei der Entfernung von Schimmel auf Leder und Kunstleder]
+<p align=center>
+<flashow>//www.youtube.com/v/3NrNM1ttjvc&fs=1&color1=0x660000&color2=0x550000&border=1|width=500|height=281,25</flashow>
+</p>
+<p align=center>
+''[https://www.colourlock.com/tip/vintage-cars/mildew-removal.html How do I remove mold from leather?]''
+</p>
-==[[Fettausschlag]]==
+<p align=center>
-'''Achtung allerdings''': Nicht immer sind weißliche Beläge auf der Lederoberfläche sofort und zweifelsfrei als Schimmel identifizierbar. Ein bekanntes Phänomen, das Schimmelbefall optisch sehr ähnelt, ist der [[Fettausschlag]]. Als [[Fettausschlag]] bezeichnet man weißlich austretende, überschüssige Fette. Diese Optik wird häufig mit Schimmel verwechselt. Vor jeglicher Behandlung muss daher eine Differenzierung erfolgen, womit man es genau zu tun hat. Kennzeichen von Fettausschlag ist, dass der Belag bei vorsichtiger Erwärmung des Leders mit einem Haartrockner verschwindet (da das Fett schmilzt) - was bei Schimmel nicht der Fall ist.
+<flashow>//www.youtube.com/v/l31J_GFCAoY&fs=1&color1=0x660000&color2=0x550000&border=1|width=500|height=281,25</flashow> <br></p>
+<p align=center>
+''The use of COLOURLOCK Blocker in cases of [[Leather damages#Dye transfer on leather|dye transfer on leather]], [[colour migration]], [[Tyre marks on leather|tyre marks]], [[Adhesive migration – Glue migration#Repairing adhesive migration by colouring in the leather workshop|adhesive migration]], black mould etc. in leather.'' </p>
+[[bild:Colourlock-02.jpg|16px]] -> [https://www.colourlock.com/How-To-s/Car-Leather/The-treatment-of-moldy-leather/ COLOURLOCK - THE TREATMENT OF MOLDY LEATHER]
+==[[Fatty spue - Fat marks on leather]]==
+'''Caution!''' Not all whitish coating on the leather surface is mould. A well-known phenomenon that is visually very similar, to white mould is the [[Fatty spue - Fat marks on leather|fatty spew]]. This is whitish excess fat released by the leather. This appearance is often confused with mould. Prior to any treatment, therefore, this has to be accurately differentiated. Fatty spew can be removed by carefully heating the leather surface with a hairdryer (because the fat melts) - which is not the case with mould.
@@ Line 199: / Line 221: @@
 </p>
 <p align=center>
-''[[Fettausschlag]] ist kein Schimmel, auch wenn es so aussieht!''<br></p>
+''[[Fatty spue - Fat marks on leather|Fatty spew]] is not mould, even if it looks like it!''<br></p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-<werbebanner />
+== Other leather damages ==
+* [[Leather damages|Typical leather damages such as ageing, fading, grease stains, discolouration etc.]]
-== Weitere Lederschäden ==
-* [[Leather damages|Typical leather damages such as aging, fading, grease stains, discolouration etc.]]
 * [[Dye transfer from leather]]
 * [[PU leather#Typical damage to PU leather in the furniture area|Typical damage to PU leather in the furniture area]]
@@ Line 221: / Line 240: @@
 == Further information on mold treatment ==
-[[bild:Colourlock-02.jpg|16px]] -> [https://www.colourlock.com/tip/vintage-cars/mildew-removal.html COLOURLOCK - THE TREATMENT OF MOLDY LEATHER]
+[[bild:Colourlock-02.jpg|16px]] -> [https://www.colourlock.com/How-To-s/Car-Leather/The-treatment-of-moldy-leather/ COLOURLOCK - THE TREATMENT OF MOLDY LEATHER]
 [[bild:Lederzentrum-2016-08-Mini-viereckig-Rand-02.jpg|16px]] -> In German: [http://www.lederzentrum.de/tip/auto/schimmel.html www.lederzentrum.de]

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